Prova Testemunhal Não Pode Ser Antecipada Apenas Para Evitar Esquecimento

O mero risco de esquecimento dos fatos não serve de argumento para antecipação de prova testemunhal em caso de processo suspenso por falta de citação do réu. A decisão é da Quinta Turma do Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ). Para os ministros, essa alegação é genérica e não demonstra de forma concreta a necessidade da antecipação. Por isso, gera constrangimento ilegal ao acusado.

A Justiça do Distrito Federal havia determinado a suspensão do processo e a coleta dos testemunhos da vítima e testemunhas mencionadas na denúncia, de forma antecipada. Para o julgador inicial, “se a produção dessa prova for postergada ao momento em que o denunciado for localizado e comparecer a juízo, corre-se o risco de que os fatos se percam na memória dessas pessoas, com prejuízo para a apuração da verdade”.

O Tribunal de Justiça do Distrito Federal e dos Territórios (TJDFT) confirmou o entendimento. “A procrastinação na coleta dos depoimentos contribuirá para a imperfeição da prova, em detrimento do princípio da verdade real”, afirmou o tribunal local. “Em crimes cujas provas são predominantemente testemunhais, a lembrança dos fatos é extremamente importante. Nada mais razoável que sejam de pronto colhidas, já que evidente a possibilidade de esmaecerem”, completou.

Urgência genérica

No entanto, para a ministra Laurita Vaz, o Código de Processo Penal (CPP) autoriza a produção antecipada de provas apenas quando sejam consideradas urgentes diante do caso concreto. Para a relatora, a alegação abstrata de que a prova testemunhal é sempre urgente, em razão do risco de fragilização ou perda com a passagem do tempo, não serve como justificativa para a hipótese.

“A afirmação de que a passagem do tempo propicia um inevitável esquecimento dos fatos, se considerada como verdade absoluta, implicaria a obrigatoriedade da produção antecipada da prova testemunhal em todos os casos de suspensão do processo, na medida em que seria reputada de antemão e inexoravelmente de caráter urgente, retirando do juiz a possibilidade de avaliá-la no caso concreto”, explicou.

A ministra ressaltou que o tema foi recentemente sumulado pelo STJ. O caso se enquadraria na situação prevista pela Súmula 455, que afirma: “A decisão que determina a produção antecipada de provas com base no artigo 366 do CPP deve ser concretamente fundamentada, não a justificando unicamente o mero decurso do tempo.”

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