Habeas Corpus Nº 154.753/df

Habeas corpus. Direito processual penal. Lei nº 11.690/08. Interpretação do art. 212 do cpp. Inversão na ordem de formulação de perguntas. Nulidade. Inocorrência. 1. A Lei nº 11.690, de 9 de junho de 2008, alterou a redação do art. 212 do Código de Processo Penal, passando-se a adotar o procedimento do Direito Norte-Americano, chamado cross-examination , no qual as testemunhas são questionadas diretamente pela parte que as arrolou, facultada à parte contrária, a seguir, sua inquirição (exame direto e cruzado), e ao juiz os esclarecimentos remanescentes e o poder de fiscalização. 2. A nova lei objetivou não somente simplificar a colheita de provas, mas procurou, principalmente, garantir mais neutralidade ao magistrado e conferir maiores responsabilidades aos sujeitos parciais do processo penal, que são, na realidade, os grandes interessados na produção da prova. 3. No caso, observa-se que o Juiz primeiro grau concedeu às partes a oportunidade de questionar as testemunhas diretamente. A ausência dessa fórmula gera nulidade absoluta do ato, pois se cuida de regramento jurídico cogente e de interesse público. 4. Entretanto, ainda que se admita que a nova redação do art. 212 do Código de Processo Penal tenha estabelecido uma ordem de inquiridores de testemunhas, à luz de uma interpretação sistemática, a não observância dessa regra pode gerar, no máximo, nulidade relativa, por se tratar de simples inversão, dado que não foi suprimida do juiz a possibilidade de efetuar as suas perguntas, ainda que subsidiariamente, para o esclarecimento da verdade real, sendo certo que, aqui, o interesse protegido é exclusivo das partes. 5. Não se pode olvidar, ainda, o disposto no art. 566 do CPP: “não será declarada a nulidade de ato processual que não houver influído na apuração da verdade substancial ou na decisão da causa. 6. Habeas corpus denegado, cassando-se a liminar anteriormente deferida.Habeas corpus liberatório. Quadrilha armada. Integrante da milícia intitulada como liga da justiça. Prisão preventiva devidamente fundamentada. Real periculosidade do paciente. Modus operandi. Ameaça a testemunhas e vítimas. Garantia da ordem pública. Conveniência da instrução criminal. Pretensão de trancamento da ação penal por falta de justa causa. Inépcia da denúncia inexistente. Parecer pela denegação do writ. Ordem denegada. 1. Sendo induvidosa a ocorrência do crime e presentes suficientes indícios de Autoria, não há ilegalidade na decisão que determina a custódia cautelar do paciente, se presentes os temores receados pelo art. 312 do CPP. 2. In casu, além da materialidade do delito e de indícios suficientes de autoria, a decretação da constrição cautelar fundou-se, primordialmente, na necessidade de preservar a ordem pública e a instrução criminal, em razão da real periculosidade do paciente que faz parte de quadrilha armada (milícia intitulada como Liga da Justiça) que causa grande temor na Região de Rio das Pedras (Zona Oeste do Município do Rio de Janeiro), acusada de vários crimes, dentre eles: extorsões, homicídios, exploração de transporte alternativo, ameaça e lavagem de dinheiro. 3. A preservação da ordem pública não se restringe às medidas preventivas da irrupção de conflitos e tumultos, mas abrange também a promoção daquelas providências de resguardo à integridade das instituições, à sua credibilidade social e ao aumento da confiança da população nos mecanismos oficiais de repressão às diversas formas de delinqüência. 4. O trancamento da Ação Penal por meio de Habeas Corpus é medida excepcional, somente admissível quando transparecem dos autos, de forma inequívoca, a inocência do acusado, a atipicidade da conduta ou a extinção da punibilidade, hipóteses não evidenciadas no caso concreto. 5. Ao contrário do que alega a impetração, a denúncia descreve como teriam ocorrido e em que circunstâncias se deram os fatos, possibilitando a mais ampla defesa, não havendo que se falar em inépcia. 6. Não se desconhece que a veracidade das imputações deverá ser comprovada no decorrer da Ação Penal, quando serão produzidas as provas, pela acusação e pela defesa, sendo prematura, por ora, a interrupção do processo. 7. Tem-se admitido a denúncia genérica, em casos de crimes com vários agentes e condutas ou que, por sua própria natureza, devem ser praticados em concurso, quando não se puder, de pronto, pormenorizar as ações de cada um dos envolvidos, sob pena de inviabilizar a acusação. O importante é que os fatos sejam narrados de forma suficientemente clara, possibilitando o amplo exercício do direito de defesa, como se verifica no caso sub judice, pois os acusados se defendem dos fatos e não da tipificação feita pelo Ministério Público. 8. Ordem denegada, em consonância com o parecer ministerial.

Rel. Min. Og Fernandes

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