Aborto Anencefálico: Direito Não É Religião

Luiz Flávio Gomes

Anencefalia
significa má-formação (total ou parcial) do cérebro ou da calota craniana. De
cada 10.000 nascimentos no Brasil, 8 são anencéfalos. A ciência médica afirma
que em se tratando de um verdadeiro caso de anencefalia a vida do feto
resulta totalmente inviabilizada. Não há que se falar em delito, portanto, no
caso de aborto anencefálico. Não se trata de uma morte arbitrária (ou seja:
não se trata de um resultado jurídico desarrazoado ou intolerável). Daí a
conclusão de que esse fato é materialmente atípico.

O
pressuposto cardeal desse aborto centra-se, evidentemente, na constatação da
anencefalia, que deve (deveria) ser confirmada por uma junta médica ou, no
mínimo, por dois médicos (de modo indiscutível). Se o legislador viesse a
cuidar desse tema, naturalmente faria previsão dessa exigência. Não se pode
conceber um aborto sem a verificação certa e indiscutível da inviabilidade
vital do feto. Sublinhe-se que, na atualidade, o diagnóstico é 100% seguro,
consoante opinião de H. Petterson (da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Fetal
- Folha de S. Paulo de 29.08.08, p. C5).

Sem
certeza científica, claro que não se deve admitir o aborto. Mas havendo
certeza científica, não há dúvida que convicções ou crenças religiosas não
constituem razões suficientes para se negar a possibilidade desse incomum
aborto. O STF, em sua decisão sobre o assunto, certamente apoiará (por voto
de maioria) o aborto anencefálico, condicionando-o (entretanto) à imprescindibilidade
de que se trata efetivamente de um feto anencefálico, com perspectiva vital
inviabilizada (ou seja: deve ser exigida a constatação médica fidedigna de
duas coisas: feto anencefálico e inviabilidade da vida). Pois somente nessas
circunstâncias justifica-se o abortamento, isto é, nessas circunstâncias a
morte não é desarrazoada (arbitrária). Não se pode, destarte, falar em
violação ao art. 4º da Convenção Americana sobre Direitos Humanos.

No
caso Marcela (que sobreviveu por um ano e oito meses) chegou-se à conclusão
de que não se tratava de uma verdadeira anencefalia (nesse sentido: Heverton
Petterson, Thomaz Gollop, Jorge Andalaft Neto etc. - Folha de S. Paulo de
29.08.08, p. C5; O Estado de S. Paulo de 26.08.08, p. A18). Logo, o caso
Marcela não pode ser invocado como um "milagre divino" que falaria
"por si só" contra o aborto anencefálico. A merocrania (caso
Marcela) não se confunde com a anencefalia.

Não
se pode confundir Direito com religião. Direito é Direito, religião é
religião (como bem sublinhou o Iluminismo). Ciência é ciência, crença é
crença. Razão é razão, tradição é tradição. Delito é delito, pecado é pecado
(Beccaria). A religião não pode contaminar o Direito. As crenças não podem
ditar regras superiores à ciência. Do Renascimento até o Iluminismo, de
Erasmo a Rousseau, consolidou-se (entre os séculos XVII e XIX) a absoluta
separação das instituições do Estado frente às tradições religiosas. O Estado
tornou-se laico (ou secular). A Justiça e o Direito, desse modo, também são
seculares (laicos).

Um
pouco mais de um terço dos pedidos de aborto anencefálico (de 2001 a 2006)
foram negados e a fundamentação foi, em regra, religiosa (O Estado de S.
Paulo de 01.09.08, p. A16). Em pleno terceiro milênio, porém, não nos parece
correto conceber que um juiz (que é "juiz de direito") possa ditar
sentenças "segundo a dogmática cristã", "de acordo com suas
convicções religiosas" etc.

Nenhum
juiz ou jurista está autorizado a repristinar o decreto do Imperador
Constantino, do século IV, que impôs o cristianismo como religião do Estado.
Alma é alma, corpo é corpo. Para a religião cristã a alma deve comandar o
corpo; a Igreja deve dominar a alma e o corpo. Impõe-se desfazer essa
confusão (e tradição). A separação do Estado frente à Igreja não prega o
ateísmo. Cada um é livre para professar sua religião e ter suas crenças (ou
não acreditar em absolutamente nada). Só não se pode conceber, em pleno
século XXI, qualquer tipo de confusão entre religião e Direito.

De
2001 a 2006 foram protocolados 46 pedidos de aborto anencefálico no Brasil:
54% deferidos, contra 35% indeferidos (alguns casos ficaram prejudicados) (O
Estado de S. Paulo de 01.09.08, p. A16). Essa divergência jurisprudencial,
por si só, já impõe uma tomada de posição pelo STF, o único capaz de nos trazer,
em relação ao tema, uma certa segurança jurídica.

O
Brasil, de qualquer modo, será um dos últimos países que irá reconhecer a
possibilidade de aborto anencefálico, que é autorizado nos países da América
do Norte, Europa e parte da Ásia. Também na Argentina não há impedimento. A
proibição perdura nos países muçulmanos, parte da África e em alguns países
da América Latina (diz relatório da OMS: Organização Mundial da Saúde).

O
não reconhecimento do aborto anencefálico é um atraso civilizatório
incomensurável, que se deve à sobreposição das tradições sobre a ciência, das
crenças sobre a dignidade humana. Temos que recuperar as Luzes do século
XVIII. A OMS reconhece a anencefalia (verdadeira) como doença incompatível
com a vida. Conclusão: o aborto anencefálico não é uma eutanásia pré-natal
arbitrária, não ofende o princípio da dignidade humana (do feto). Ofensa à
dignidade (da gestante) existe quando ele não é permitido.

Não
se pede ao STF que reconheça mais uma hipótese de aborto no Brasil (além das
duas já previstas na lei: CP, art. 128). O que se deseja é que o STF admita
que esse aborto não é antinormativo (não contraria nenhuma norma,
materialmente falando). Ele não é, portanto, nem moralmente nem juridicamente
contra o Direito. Ao contrário, é por respeito à dignidade da gestante que
ele deve ser admitido. O aborto anencefálico, quando se trata de uma
verdadeira anencefalia, não conflita com as normas jurídicas dos arts. 124 e
ss. do CP. Esse é o fundamento jurídico para sua exclusão do Direito penal (exclusão
da tipicidade material).

Nunca,
entretanto, esse aborto poderá ser imposto, porque ninguém é obrigado a
abortar. Toda gestante tem liberdade para fazê-lo ou não (de acordo com suas
convicções pessoais e religiosas). Mas a que delibera sua realização não pode
jamais ficar sujeita a qualquer tipo de sanção (ou de reprovação). Obrigar
mulheres "a sustentar a gestação de um feto anencefálico é prática
institucionalizada de tortura, já que a criança, com vida simbólica e
psicológica, não existirá" (Samantha Buglione, Folha de S. Paulo de
26.08.08, p. C7).

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