Recurso Especial Nº 853.176/sp

Roubo majorado. Consumação. Violação ao art. 14, II, do CP. Atenuantes. Fixação da pena abaixo do mínimo legal. Impossibilidade. Súmula 231/STJ.

Rel. Min. Arnaldo Esteves Lima


RELATÓRIO - MINISTRO ARNALDO ESTEVES LIMA:
Trata-se de recurso especial interposto pelo MINISTÉRIO PÚBLICO DO ESTADO DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL, com fundamento no art. 105, inciso III, alíneas “a“ e “c“, da Constituição Federal, contra acórdão proferido pelo Tribunal de Justiça local. Consta dos autos que o recorrido foi condenado pela prática do delito previsto no art. 157, § 2º, II, c/c art. 29 do Código Penal, à pena de 6 (seis) anos de reclusão, em regime inicial semi-aberto. Inconformada, a defesa interpôs recurso de apelação, ao qual o Tribunal de origem, à unanimidade, deu parcial provimento para: a) considerar como tentado o crime de roubo; b) reduzir em 3 (três) meses a pena-base fixada no patamar mínimo, em conseqüência da atenuante de menoridade e redimensionar a pena do recorrido a 3 (três) anos e 4 (quatro) meses de reclusão. Sustenta o recorrente, além de divergência jurisprudencial, negativa de vigência ao art. 14, inciso II, do Código Penal. Argumenta, “que o roubo se consuma com a mera disponibilidade da coisa móvel alheia, subtraída mediante grave ameaça ou violência, mesmo que por breve espaço de tempo, desimportando que essa posse seja tranqüila“ (fl. 360). Alega, também, que o acórdão recorrido diverge da jurisprudência desta Corte, que reiteradamente afirma a impossibilidade de fixação da pena aquém do limite mínimo previsto em lei. Contra-razões apresentadas às fls. 375/387. O Ministério Público Federal manifestou-se pelo provimento do recurso (fls. 418/420). É o relatório.

 
VOTO - MINISTRO ARNALDO ESTEVES LIMA (Relator):
No tocante à negativa de vigência do art. 14, II, do CP, a jurisprudência do Superior Tribunal de Justiça, bem como do Supremo Tribunal Federal, firmaram a orientação no sentido de que se considera consumado o crime de roubo no momento em que, cessada a clandestinidade ou a violência, o agente se torna possuidor da res furtiva , ainda que por curto espaço de tempo, sendo desnecessário que o bem saia da esfera de vigilância da vítima, incluindo-se, portanto, as hipóteses em que é possível a retomada do bem por meio de perseguição imediata. Confiram-se, a propósito, os seguintes precedentes: CRIMINAL. RECURSO ESPECIAL. ROUBO. MOMENTO DA CONSUMAÇÃO DO DELITO. RECURSO CONHECIDO E DESPROVIDO. I. O delito de roubo, assim como o de furto, consuma-se com a simples posse, ainda que breve, da coisa alheia móvel subtraída clandestinamente, sendo desnecessário que o bem saia da esfera de vigilância da vítima. Precedentes. II. Recurso conhecido e desprovido. (REsp 615.716/RS, Rel. Min. GILSON DIPP, Quinta Turma, DJ de 2/8/2004) RECURSO ESPECIAL - PENAL - ROUBO - MOMENTO CONSUMATIVO - POSSE TRANQÜILA DA “RES“ FURTIVA - DESNECESSIDADE - FIXAÇÃO DA PENA-BASE NO MÍNIMO LEGAL - CIRCUNSTÂNCIAS ATENUANTES - IMPOSSIBILIDADE. - Conforme firme entendimento desta Corte e do Pretório Excelso, o crime de roubo se consuma com a mera posse, ainda que por curto período de tempo, da coisa alheia móvel subtraída mediante violência ou grave ameaça. - Esta Corte já firmou o entendimento de que é inviável a fixação da pena-base abaixo do mínimo legal, em razão das atenuantes. Tal desiderato é incompatível com o princípio da legalidade formal (Súmula 231, do STJ). - Recurso conhecido e provido para restabelecer a decisão de primeiro grau. (REsp 521.132/RS, Rel. Min. JORGE SCARTEZZINI, Quinta Turma, DJ de 28/6/2004) E, ainda, do Supremo Tribunal Federal: Roubo. Momento de sua consumação. O roubo se consuma no instante em que o ladrão se torna possuidor da coisa móvel alheia subtraída mediante grave ameaça ou violência. - Para que o ladrão se torne possuidor, não é preciso, em nosso direito, que ele saia da esfera de vigilância do antigo possuidor, mas, ao contrário, basta que cesse a clandestinidade ou a violência, para que o poder de fato sobre a coisa se transforme de detenção em posse, ainda que seja possível ao antigo possuidor retomá-la pela violência, por si ou por terceiro, em virtude de perseguição imediata. Aliás, a fuga com a coisa em seu poder traduz inequivocamente a existência de posse. E a perseguição - não fosse a legitimidade do desforço imediato - seria ato de turbação (ameaça) a posse do ladrão. Recurso extraordinário conhecido e provido. (RE 102.490/SP, Tribunal Pleno, Rel. Min. MOREIRA ALVES, DJ de 16/8/1991) Na hipótese, o réu foi condenado em razão da prática dos seguintes fatos (fl. 273): ... no dia 20 de fevereiro de 2004, por volta das 18 horas, na Rua João Missaglia, s/n, nesta Cidade, os denunciados, mediante o uso de violência consistente no estrangulamento de pescoço pelo golpe denominado “gravata“, e em comunhão de esforços e conjunção de vontades entre si e com as inimputáveis Josiane Bocchi e Luana Rocha Pereira, subtraíram da vítima José Lagni a quantia aproximada de R$ 300,00. Na ocasião, a vítima encontrava-se no interior da lancheria da Estação Rodoviária desta Cidade, quando foi abordada pelos denunciados e pelas inimputáveis, que queriam beber cerveja. A vítima pagou a bebida, sendo logo convidado par ir a outro bar tomar mais cerveja... No caminho a vítima foi tomada de assalto, levada para dentro de um matagal e imobilizada, sendo-lhe subtraída a quantia em dinheiro acima citada. A res foi dividida entre os denunciados e as inimputáveis. Parte do valor subtraído foi apreendido e restituído à vítima. Nesse contexto, com razão o recorrente, pois o delito restou consumado. Por outro lado, o acórdão recorrido encontra-se em dissonância com o entendimento desta Corte, pacificado no sentido de que o reconhecimento da existência de atenuante não pode conduzir à fixação da pena aquém do mínimo legal. Esse, aliás, é o preciso enunciado da Súmula nº 231 do Superior Tribunal de Justiça, litteris : “A incidência de circunstância atenuante não pode conduzir à redução da pena abaixo do mínimo legal“. Sendo assim, obedecidas as diretrizes fixadas pela Corte de origem, e nos termos da fundamentação acima, a pena privativa de liberdade resta estruturada da seguinte forma: pena-base fixada no mínimo legal, qual seja, 4 (quatro) anos de reclusão, aumentada em 1/3 (um terço) em razão da majorante do concurso de pessoas, restando definitiva em 5 (cinco) anos e 4 (quatro) meses de reclusão, a ser cumprida no regime semi-aberto. Ante o exposto, conheço do recurso e dou-lhe provimento para considerar como consumado o delito de roubo majorado e redimensionar a pena da réu para 5 (cinco) anos e 4 (quatro) meses de reclusão, a ser cumprida no regime semi-aberto. É o voto.

 
EMENTA -
RECURSO ESPECIAL. PENAL. ROUBO MAJORADO. CONSUMAÇÃO. VIOLAÇÃO DO ART. 14, II, DO CP. RECONHECIDA. ATENUANTES. FIXAÇÃO DA PENA ABAIXO DO MÍNIMO LEGAL. IMPOSSIBILIDADE. SÚMULA 231/STJ. 1. A jurisprudência desta Corte, bem como do Supremo Tribunal Federal, firmou a orientação no sentido de que se considera consumado o crime de roubo, assim como o de furto, no momento em que, cessada a clandestinidade ou violência, o agente se torna possuidor da res furtiva , ainda que por curto espaço de tempo, sendo desnecessário que o bem saia da esfera de vigilância da vítima, incluindo-se, portanto, as hipóteses em que é possível a retomada do bem por meio de perseguição imediata. 2. “A incidência de circunstância atenuante não pode conduzir à redução da pena abaixo do mínimo legal“ (Enunciado sumular 231/STJ). 3. Recurso conhecido e provido para, considerando como consumado o delito de roubo majorado, redimensionar a pena imposta ao recorrido para 5 (cinco) anos e 4 (quatro) meses de reclusão em regime semi-aberto.

 
ACÓRDÃO -
Vistos, relatados e discutidos os autos em que são partes as acima indicadas, acordam os Ministros da QUINTA TURMA do Superior Tribunal de Justiça, por unanimidade, conhecer do recurso e lhe dar provimento, nos termos do voto do Sr. Ministro Relator. Os Srs. Ministros Felix Fischer, Gilson Dipp e Laurita Vaz votaram com o Sr. Ministro Relator. Brasília (DF), 15 de fevereiro de 2007 (Data do Julgamento).

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