Plenário Edita 14ª Súmula Vinculante E Permite Acesso De Advogado A Inquérito Policial Sigiloso

Por 9 votos a 2, o Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) aprovou na tarde desta segunda-feira (2) súmula vinculante que garante a advogados acesso a provas já documentadas em autos de inquéritos policiais que envolvam seus clientes, inclusive os que tramitam em sigilo.

O texto a 14ª Súmula Vinculante diz o seguinte: “É direito do defensor, no interesse do representado, ter acesso amplo aos elementos de prova que, já documentados em procedimento investigatório realizado por órgão com competência de polícia judiciária, digam respeito ao exercício do direito de defesa”.

A questão foi levada ao Plenário a pedido do Conselho Federal da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (OAB) por meio de processo chamado Proposta de Súmula Vinculante (PSV), instituído no STF no ano passado. Essa foi a primeira PSV julgada pela Corte.

Dos 11 ministros, somente Joaquim Barbosa e Ellen Gracie foram contra a edição da súmula. Para os dois, a matéria não deve ser tratada em súmula vinculante. A maioria dos ministros, no entanto, afirmou que o verbete trata de tema relativo a direitos fundamentais, analisado diversas vezes pelo Plenário. Eles lembraram que a Corte tem jurisprudência assentada no sentido de permitir que os advogados tenham acesso aos autos de processos.

“A súmula vinculante, com o conteúdo proposto, qualifica-se como um eficaz instrumento de preservação de direitos fundamentais”, afirmou Celso de Mello.

O ministro Marco Aurélio destacou que “a eficiência repousa na transparência dos autos praticados pelo Estado”, reiterando que precedentes da Corte revelam que a matéria tem sido muito enfrentada. Ele afirmou que há pelo menos sete decisões sobre a matéria no STF. “Investigação não é devassa”, observou a ministra Cármen Lúcia Antunes Rocha.

O ministro Peluso lembrou que a súmula somente se aplica a provas já documentadas, não atingindo demais diligências do inquérito. “Nesses casos, o advogado não tem direito a ter acesso prévio”, observou. Ou seja, a autoridade policial está autorizada a separar partes do inquérito que estejam em andamento para proteger a investigação.

Ellen Gracie concordou com o entendimento dos demais ministros quanto ao direito dos advogados de ter acesso aos autos dos processos, mas afirmou que uma súmula sobre o tema dependeria da interpretação de autoridades policiais. “A súmula vinculante é algo que não deve ser passível de interpretação, deve ser suficientemente clara para ser aplicada sem maior tergiversação.”

Para Barbosa, a súmula privilegiará os direitos dos investigados e dos advogados em detrimento do direito da sociedade de ver irregularidades devidamente investigadas. Segundo ele, “peculiaridades do caso concreto podem exigir que um inquérito corra em sigilo”.

Essa tese foi defendida pela Procuradoria Geral da República (PGR), que também se posicionou contra a edição da súmula. Durante o julgamento, o vice-procurador-geral da República, Roberto Gurgel, afirmou que o verbete causará um “embaraço indevido do poder investigativo do Estado”, podendo até inviabilizar o prosseguimento de investigações. Ele acrescentou que o verbete se direciona, sobretudo, a crimes de colarinho branco, e pouco será utilizado por advogados de réus pobres.

Ao responder, o ministro Carlos Alberto Menezes Direito, relator da matéria, afirmou que a súmula não significará um “obstáculo à tutela penal exercida pelo Estado”. Ele acrescentou que muitos casos de pedido de acesso a autos de processo dizem respeito a crimes que não são de colarinho branco.

RR/EH

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